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Contrast batch normalization with layer normalization.

ML TheoryReported interview question
Reported in interviews — Amazon, Dec 2025

Start by defining the mechanism in the prompt, its assumptions, and the quantities it changes. Then connect those mechanics to model quality, optimization behavior, compute or memory cost, and the main failure mode.

Use equations or tensor shapes where they clarify the claim, then name an experiment or ablation that would distinguish competing explanations.

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